Assembly Language Chapter-2

CHAPTER-2

(x86 Processor Architecture)

2.1.5 Section Review



1. The central processor unit (CPU) contains registers and what other basic elements?

A      Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, and the clock.

2-The central processor unit is connected to the rest of the computer system using what three buses?

Data Bus, Control Bus, Address Bus.

3-Why does memory access take more machine cycles than register access?

Conventional memory is outside the CPU, and it responds more slowly to access requests. Registers are hard-wired inside the CPU.

4-What are the three basic steps in the instruction execution cycle?

Fetch, Decode, Execute.

5-Which two additional steps are required in the instruction execution cycle when a memory operand is used?

Fetch memory operands, store memory operands .

Section Review 2.2.5:

1-What are the x86 processor’s three basic modes of operation?

Protected Mode.

Real-address mode.

System management mode.

2- Name all eight 32-bit general-purpose registers.

EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, ESP, EBP

3- Name all six segment registers

CS, DS, SS, ES, FS, GS

4-What special purpose does the ECX register serve?

Extended Counter Register used for loop counting.
5-Besides the stack pointer (ESP). Which other register points to variables on the stack?
EBP
6-Name at least four CPU status flags?
Carry Flag: unsigned arithmetic out of range


Overflow Flag: signed arithmetic out of range


Sign Flag: result is negative

Zero Flag: result is zero


Auxiliary Carry Flag: carry from bit 3 to bit 4


Parity Flag: sum of 1 bits is an even number


7-Which flag is set when the result of an unsigned arithmetic operation is too large to fit into the destination?
Carry Flag


8-Which flag is set when the result of a signed arithmetic operation is either too large or too small to fit into the destination?
Overflow Flag

9-Which flag is set when an arithmetic or logical operation generates a negative result?
Sign Flag


2.4.3 Section Review1. Describe SRAM and its most common use.

SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory, used primarily for expensive, high speed cache memory.
It does not have to be refreshed.

2. Describe VRAM.

VRAM stands for Video Random Access Memory

it holds video data,

it is dual ported

> One port allow to continusly refresh the Display

> Other port writes data to display

3. List at least two features found in the Intel P965 Express chipset.

• Support for multiple USB ports, multiple PCI express slots, networking, and Intel Quiet System technology

• A high definition audio chip provides digital sound capabilities

4. Name four types of RAM

• DRAM
• SRAM
• VRAM
• CMOS RAM

5. What is the purpose of the 8259A PIC controller?

The 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) handles external interrupts from hardware devices, such as the keyboard, system clock, and disk drives.

2.5.2 Section Review

1. Of the four levels of input/output in a computer system, which is the most universal and

portable?

Level 2 (OS) works on any computer running the same operating system. If an I/O device lacks certain capabilities, the
OS will do its best to approximate the intended result. Level 2 is not particularly fast because
each I/O call must go through several layers before it executes.

2. What characteristics distinguish BIOS-level input/output?

BIOS: The basic input–output system is a collection of low-level subroutines that communicate directly with hardware devices. The BIOS is installed by the computer’s manufacturer and
is tailored to fit the computer’s hardware. Operating systems typically communicate with
the BIOS

3. Why are device drivers necessary, given that the BIOS already has code that communicates

with the computer’s hardware?

Device drivers are programs that permit the operating system to communicate
directly with hardware devices and the system BIOS. 
device driver satisfies the request by executing code
in the device firmware that reads data in a way that is unique to the device.

2.8 Review Questions

1. In 32-bit mode, aside from the stack pointer (ESP), what other register points to variables on

the stack?

EBP Extended Base Pointer register is another register that is used to hold the variable on stack.

2. Name at least four CPU status flags.

•  Carry
•  Zero
• Sign
• Direction

3. Which flag is set when the result of an unsigned arithmetic operation is too large to fit into

the destination?
Carry Flag

4. Which flag is set when the result of a signed arithmetic operation is either too large or too

small to fit into the destination?
Over Flag

5. (True/False): When a register operand size is 32 bits and the REX prefix is used, the R8D

register is available for programs to use.


True

6. Which flag is set when an arithmetic or logical operation generates a negative result?

Sign Flag

7. Which part of the CPU performs floating-point arithmetic?

Floating Point Unit

8. On a 32-bit processor, how many bits are contained in each floating-point data register?

80 bits

9. (True/False): The x86-64 instruction set is backward-compatible with the x86 instruction set.

True

10. (True/False): In current 64-bit chip implementations, all 64 bits are used for addressing.

False

11. (True/False): The Itanium instruction set is completely different from the x86 instruction set.

True

12. (True/False): Static RAM is usually less expensive than dynamic RAM.

False

13. (True/False): The 64-bit RDI register is available when the REX prefix is used.

True

14. (True/False): In native 64-bit mode, you can use 16-bit real mode, but not the virtual-8086

mode.
False

15. (True/False): The x86-64 processors have 4 more general-purpose registers than the x86

processors.
False

16. (True/False): The 64-bit version of Microsoft Windows does not support virtual-8086 mode.

True

17. (True/False): DRAM can only be erased using ultraviolet light.

False

18. (True/False): In 64-bit mode, you can use up to eight floating-point registers.

True

19. (True/False): A bus is a plastic cable that is attached to the motherboard at both ends, but

does not sit directly on the motherboard.
False

20. (True/False): CMOS RAM is the same as static RAM, meaning that it holds its value without

any extra power or refresh cycles.
False

21. (True/False): PCI connectors are used for graphics cards and sound cards.

True

22. (True/False): The 8259A is a controller that handles external interrupts from hardware

devices.
True

23. (True/False): The acronym PCI stands for programmable component interface.

False

24. (True/False): VRAM stands for virtual random access memory.

True


25. At which level(s) can an assembly language program manipulate input/output?


Hardware, Bios and OS



26. Why do game programs often send their sound output directly to the sound card’s hardware ports.

It gives more precise control of Hardware, and execution is faster. 

2. Others

1. What is the duration of a single clock cycle in a 3-GHz processor?


1/3GHz = 1/(3*109) = 3.3*10-10 S = 0.33 ns

2. Define pipelined execution.

Executing processor stages in parallel.

3. In a 5 -stage non-pipelined processor, how many clock cycles would it take to execute 2 instructions?

n=2 , k=5

# of cycles = k*n = 5*2 =10 cycles

4. In a 5-stage single-pipelined processor, how many clock cycles would it take to execute 8 instructions?

n=8 , k=5

# of cycles = k + (n-1) = 5 + (8-1) = 12 cycles

5. What is the range of addressable memory in protected mode?

4GB from 00000000 to FFFFFFFFh


6. What is the range of addressable memory in real-address mode?

1MB from 00000 to FFFFFh


7. In Real -address mode. Convert the following segment-offset address to a linear address: 0950:0100

09500h+0100h=09600h

Thank you for visiting us:

Daniyal Younis



Comparison of different Assemblers

Interesting Informative Speech ideas and topics

Below you will find a list of informative speech topics. Be sure to analyze your audience and time limit before selecting a topic. These topics can be used as they are, or you might have to make them more precise to suit the situation (available time, class requirements, etc.). We are adding new topics weekly. Do you have an idea you would like to share? Send it to us, and we will publish them on this blog.

List of Informative Speech Topics

Animals

1. The role of cats throughout history.
2. Caring for hermit crabs.
3. What are the best pets?
4. The lives of ants.
5. The different types of tropical fish.
6. The different exotic breeds of cats.
7. How to raise rabbits.
8. The beauty of wolves.
9. How to adopt a dog.
10. Raising pet snakes.
11. The life of deep sea fish.
12. How to train your dog.
13. Why are monkeys so good at climbing trees?
14. The breeding of elephants and hippopotamuses.
15. Do penguins have long legs?
    

    Automotive

16. Is it better to buy or lease a car?
17. How to choose the right tires for your car.
18. How to make your car run better.
19. What to look for in a new car.
20. How to change your car’s oil.
21. Dirt bike riding safety tips.
22. How to drive a stick shift.
23. The history of motorcycles.
24. How to change a flat tire.
25. The best muscle cars.

Business

1. Taking your brand to the next level with three easy steps: promoting, advertising and marketing.
2. How business owners’ personal characteristics impact their business.
3. What is the impact of training and development on employee job performance?
4. Leadership styles and their effects on employee productivity.
5. Engaged employees result in high retention.
6. Developing personal power in an organization.
7. Impacts of incentives on employee performance.
8. Psychological tactics in marketing.
9. How to create a successful brand.
10. The importance of accounting research.
11. The benefits of enterprise resource planning.
12. The benefits of multilevel marketing.
13. The best sales tactics.

Communication

1. How deaf people talk with emotion.
2. The differences between male and female communication.
3. How to be a persuasive speaker.
4. How to improve your conversation skills.
5. Some simple conversation tips.
6. What is neural linguistic programming (NLP)?
7. Why smiles are contagious.
8. How to manage communicative disorders.

Current Events

1. America’s fastest growing cities.
2. The Occupy Wall Street movement.
3. Poverty in New York City.
4. What is the national happiness rate?

Economy

1. The history of taxes on carbon dioxide emissions.
2. What would be the impact on economic growth if everyone produced their own food?
3. The impact of progressive taxation on the provision of social services.
4. Economic growth of the People’s Republic of China.
5. The effects of price and demand of agricultural products.
6. The importance of education for the economy.

Education

1. How EFL teachers can use the internet as a classroom aid.
2. Should teachers and students be friends on social networks?
3. Why is our education system only based on theory and not practical knowledge?
4. Should students be permitted to eat during classes?
5. The importance of formal education for building a successful career.
6. The pros and cons of teaching students three languages in school.
7. What materials work best in a sandbag for blocking floodwaters?
8. Hypnosis: its misconceptions and common uses.
9. Learning disabilities and their effects on learning in college.
10. Are test scores a good indication of a school’s competency?
11. It would help ESL students to take state tests in their native language.
12. Human resources management in colleges.
13. What to know about transferring colleges.
14. The responsibility of parents and students regarding education.
15. The history of special education over the past 30 years.
16. The mental effort that intelligent writing necessitates.
17. How visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners are different.
18. Cooperative learning in education in the Philippines.
19. The benefits of personality development camps for students.
20. The importance of arts and languages in education.
21. The uses of dioramas for geography instruction.
22. Moving out of the dorm to an apartment off campus.
23. Education is the best weapon against poverty.
24. Improving the active learning curve in education.
25. Why classes in school should be 45 minutes long.
26. How school does not prepare you for the real world.
27. The benefits of online learning.
28. The effects of studying while listening to music.
29. Computers benefit students in school.
30. How to bring back the passion for education.
31. The benefits of making college free.
32. The benefits of field trips for students.
33. The most important factors that affect student performance.
34. Why travel is beneficial to education.
35. How to earn income as a student.
36. How to unleash your inner geek.
37. The importance of high school service learning programs.
38. The importance of higher education.
39. The importance of maintaining order on campus.
40. How to find student discounts.
41. Teachers should be paid more money.
42. Education is the master key to all.
43. The importance of higher education.
44. The negative effects of the privatization of higher education.
45. How to write an informative essay.
46. The benefits of having free textbooks.
47. How to get a student job on campus.
48. The importance of not taking education for granted.
49. The best way to spend your senior year.
50. The basics of getting a fellowship.
51. The importance of mathematics.
52. The rising cost of education.
53. How to survive freshman year.
54. Technology in the classroom.
55. The effects of discrimination in education.
56. The qualities of a good student.
57. The different learning styles students have.
58. The education system in Pakistan.
59. How to ace the GRE.
60. How to spot a diploma mill.
61. Overcoming your fear of public speaking.
62. The importance of financial education.

Environment

1. Should politicians bring more pollution to our country?
2. What would happen if finite resources were not used wisely?
3. Four main reasons for generating genetically modified crops.
4. The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on maize.
5. Are we going to lose the rainforest?
6. The best ways to protect the environment.
7. Commercial crops and their effect on the water table.
8. The environmental impact of a meat based diet.
9. Recycling helps mitigate the greenhouse effect.
10. Why we should stop global warming.
11. We need a healthy environment.
12. The effects of global warming.
13. Why conserving energy is important.
14. The negative aspects of a polluted environment.
15. The great Pacific garbage patch.
16. The ways that water pollution is harmful.
17. The effects of industrial and household waste.
18. What is global warming?
19. The benefits of organic farming.
20. Why drought is a serious problem.
21. The pollution of today’s world.
22. The importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling.
23. The effects of environmental degradation.
24. Why should we save birds.
25. Why we should save the Ganges.
26. How to recycle different materials.

Ethics

1. Is it sometimes better to tell a lie than to tell the truth?
2. Is tolerance the same as love?
3. Is hunting morally acceptable?

Family

1. Adopted children should always have the option to see their biological parents.
2. The impact of single parenting and its effects on children.
3. The appropriate penalties for parental negligence.
4. What it is like being the youngest of a family of 19 kids.
5. The importance of the parent-child relationship.
6. My father is my hero.
7. How to pick a name for your children.
8. Cases of domestic violence against men.
9. The importance of family.
10. The history of foster care.
11. The impact of divorce on children.
12. Picking a name for your children.
13. When do babies start talking?

Financial

1. How banks are getting paid twice for your mortgage.
2. How to save money in college.
3. How to build credit.
4. How to save money on your income taxes.
5. How to apply for a credit card.
6. The basics of financial aid.
7. The importance of saving money.
8. How to recognize stock market trends.
9. The process of buying a house.
10. The basics of internet banking safety.
11. The best investment strategies.
12. How to live on $5 a day/ Eating well on $5 a day.

Food and Drink

1. The difference between Gatorade and Powerade.
2. How to cook a delicious dinner.
3. How to grow your own food.
4. The different types of coffee.
5. How to cook vegetarian.
6. How to make a cocktail.
7. The best types of cheese.
8. The best exotic fruits.
9. How to make Chinese food.

Government

1. The role of accounting in the control of public expenditures in Nigeria.
2. What factors affect community participation in public meetings?
3. How difficult is it to run a country of 1.2 billion people?
4. Speeding cameras are meant to provide the government money.
5. Should the President be paid while being in office?
6. The Federal government’s separation of powers.
7. Journalism is our weapon against corruption.
8. How a bill passes in state government.
9. The best city planning practices.

Health

1. Steroids, antibiotics, sprays: are these things hurting us?
2. The effects of dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder.
3. Bigger isn’t always better: the effect fast food has on America.
4. The importance of proper stretching before a workout.
5. How to keep your skin looking young and wrinkle free.
6. The different types of insomnia.
7. The causes and effects of Alzheimer’s disease.
8. The psychosocial aspects of organ transplantation.
9. Controversial ideas about whooping cough vaccines.
10. The reasons why stress and depression should be taken seriously.
11. Why taking a vacation is good for your health.
12. The effects of eating disorders.
13. What is Down syndrome?
14. Animal to human transplants could save lives.
15. The body’s coping mechanisms when in a state of shock.
16. Managing and controlling type 2 diabetes.
17. How our culture affects organ donation.
18. Simple AIDS prevention tips.
19. How celiac disease affects our world.
20. The benefits of walking without shoes.
21. How smoking is harmful to your health.
22. The benefits of being an organ donor.
23. The dangers of texting while driving.
24. The importance of vitamins and minerals.
25. The nutritional value of pickles.
26. The importance of wearing your seatbelt.
27. The effects of caffeine on the body.
28. The history of Psychology.
29. Exercise combats health problems.
30. High risk pregnancy complications.
31. What is narcissistic personality disorder?
32. The effects of fast food on the body.
33. How Monsanto affects our food.
34. How the American diet has changed.
35. The health benefits of dark chocolate.
36. Plastic surgery is bad for your skin.
37. The importance of anxiety and depression awareness.
38. The benefits of regular exercise.
39. How the circulatory system works.
40. How to have a healthy pregnancy.
41. How to get a really good sleep.
42. Why the brain is so important.
43. The effects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
44. The benefits of stem cell research.
45. The benefits of mindfulness.
46. How to cure and prevent hangovers.
47. Strategies for healthy eating.
48. The benefits of being vegetarian.
49. What is spinocerebellar degeneration?
50. How to reduce asthma attacks.
51. The health benefits of ginger.
52. The Alice in Wonderland syndrome.
53. Why we should wash our hands.
54. The health benefits of friendship.
55. The importance of eye donation.
56. Why Americans are so obese.
57. The importance of childhood cancer awareness.
58. The role of the Center for Disease Control.
59. The health problems of children born drug addicted.
60. Eat healthy to live healthy.
61. How does a headache happen?
62. The effect of radiation.
63. What are the effects of self-harm?
64. The benefits of magnesium.
65. Anxiety and its effects.
66. The importance of sleep.
67. How to avoid pesticides in vegetables.
68. How to prevent elder abuse.
69. How to avoid toxic chemicals in food.
70. Autism and its effects.
71. The different types of birth control.
72. The reason humans itch.
73. The benefits of tea.
74. The best natural medicines.
75. How drinking too much can affect your health.
76. How to stop the obesity epidemic.
77. How to manage mental illness.
78. How to prevent teen pregnancy.
79. How to stop memory loss.
80. The best health care plans.
81. Xenophobia as a global situation.

History

1. The beauty of ancient Egyptian art.
2. The most beautiful paintings in history.
3. The history of fashion.
4. The history of high heels.
5. The history of cosmetic makeup.
6. The history of Tibetan burial practices.
7. What Olympic events did ancient Greece have?
8. The history of swear words and their impact on society.
9. Words and their meanings that have changed with time.
10. Dinosaurs and how they left the face of the earth.
11. The role of Jawaharlal Nehru in India’s independence.
12. John F. Kennedy’s scandals and assassination.
13. The importance of the Great Wall of China.
14. The patterns of U.S. immigration.
15. The fire at Yellowstone National Park in 1988.
16. The history of immigrants in the American workforce.
17. The real origin of the fortune cookie.
18. The history of Native American tribes.
19. The history of the use of human cadavers.
20. The history of American comic books.
21. The history of witchcraft and wicca.
22. The history of antibiotics.
23. The history of English rule in South Africa.
24. How World War Two started and ended.
25. The evolution of the English language.
26. Gold rushes outside of California.
27. The life and works of Mahatma Gandhi.
28. The life and works of Mother Teresa.
29. The effects of U.S. colonialism.
30. The history of Valentine’s day.
31. The seven wonders of the world.
32. Leaders that changed the world.
33. The history of fringe political parties.
34. The history of early 20th century filmmaking.
35. The history of the Dominican Republic.
36. People who have changed the world.
37. The lighthouse of Alexandria.
38. The history of feminism.
39. The great escape of Alcatraz.
40. The history of chalk.
41. The Assyrian genocide.
42. The history of tobacco use.
43. The black arts of 13th century.
44. The history of the Selma civil rights march.
45. The best accidental inventions.
46. The origins of nursery rhymes.
47. How the Civil War started.
48. The history of Halloween.
49. The industrial revolution.
50. What was the poor law act?
51. The origins of superstitions.
52. The evolution of voting laws.
53. The history of the British royal family.
54. The origin of alphabets.
55. The history of medicine.
56. The history of nomadic people in Libya.
57. How the Cold War began.
58. The history of women in the military.
59. Censorship throughout history.
60. The history of the Great Depression.
61. The life of Helen Keller.
62. The heroes of World War II.
63. The most famous Civil War generals.
64. The origin of holidays.
65. How the Columbine massacre happened.
66. The history of the Supreme Court.
67. The history of model trains.
68. The most famous diplomats in history.
69. The funniest inventions in history.
70. The most famous robberies in history.
71. The most famous speeches in history.
72. The history of honor killings.
73. The history of organized crime.
74. Life during the middle ages.
75. The causes of the Afghanistan war.
76. The history of the national park system.
77. The history of Indian culture.
78. The history of labor unions.
79. The history of street gangs.
80. The most famous riots in history.
81. The history of batteries.
82. The craziest laws and their history.

International Relations

1. Economic development and the role of the private sector in reducing poverty in Lesotho.
2. Tourism and remittances are the solution for Tonga’s economic growth.
3. The military of the Philippines.
4. Is South Africa ready for a female president?
5. Can democracy bring stability to Pakistan?
6. South Africa is an amazing country.
7. The impact of U.S drone strikes.
8. The discovery of oil in Equatorial Guinea.
9. How to help refugees.
10. Why everyone should live in China.
11. The status of trade relations in East Africa.
12. The effects of the Dowry system in India.
13. Sri Lanka after thirty years of war.
14. Why Africa is underdeveloped.
15. The political system of India.
16. The purpose of the United Nations.

Language

1. English is a link language for many parts of the world.
2. The origins of cliches.

Literature

1. Inside the mind of Edgar Allen Poe.
2. How to write a book.
3. The three trials of Oscar Wilde.
4. The meaning of The House on Mango Street.
5. The history of vampires in literature.
6. The different types of poetry.

Media

1. What steps are involved in creating a movie or television show?
2. How Spotify hurts new artists.
3. The benefits of watching less TV.
4. How the media has hurt our body image.
5. Books that were turned into terrible movies.
6. The benefits of reading a newspaper.
7. The basics of photography.
8. The history of the Titanic movie.
9. Some famous advertising campaigns.
10. The effects of misleading advertisements.
11. Some important women in the media.
12. The best foreign TV shows.
13. The benefits of satellite radio.
14. The best TV sitcoms.

Music

1. The different types of marching bands.
2. The history of french horns.
3. The history of house music.
4. The evolution of rock and roll.
5. The beauty of reggae music.
6. Music as a “lifestyle”.
7. The best electronic dance music.
8. How to play the kazoo.
9. The beauty of Haitian music.

National Security

1. How illegal things are smuggled into the country.
2. The United States military branches.
3. The importance of the Air Force.
4. The branches of the military.

Politics

1. Should the U.S. restrict immigration?
2. The benefits of communism.
3. The most important women in politics.

Psychology

1. The benefits of greeting people.
2. Positive thinking is the key to peaceful living.
3. The meaning of dreams.
4. How to explain child geniuses.

Relationships

1. How marriages today differ from marriages from the 60’s.
2. The secrets of happy and successful relationships.
3. How to choose the right relationship.
4. How to get along with your roommate.
5. The guidelines for military marriages.
6. How to make long distance relationships work.
7. The average age to get married.

Religion

1. A comparison of Genesis and Revelation in the Bible.
2. Modern values are violating religious values.
3. How Christ is present in our world.
4. What percentage of the world’s population are Christians?
5. Why worshipping Satan isn’t a bad thing.
6. Why the bunny symbolizes Easter.
7. God helps those who help themselves.
8. A comparison of different religions.
9. The history of the Christian church.
10. The main principles of Christianity.
11. The history of the Bible.
12. Interesting details about Noah’s ark.
13. The history of Rastafarians in Jamaica.
14. The origin of Christmas.
15. The principles of Mormonism.

Science

1. The difference between an alligator and a crocodile.
2. Why whales should not be hunted for food.
3. Transhumanism and the evolution of the human race.
4. How we can create geniuses.
5. Falabella horses are the smallest in the world.
6. Why is the colonization of Mars important?
7. Albert Einstein’s contributions to science.
8. The isolation of nicotinic acid from tobacco.
9. The journey to becoming a nuclear physicist.
10. Some interesting facts about the human brain.
11. The reason we don’t grow hair on our toenails.
12. The effects of music on the brain.
13. How does our brain work?
14. Mars was the same as Earth in the past.
15. How much of our brain do we actually use?
16. How Charles Darwin changed the world.
17. The latest discoveries in astronomy.
18. Where did dogs come from?
19. The history of greyhound dogs.
20. The craziest scientists in history.
21. How to survive a shark attack.
22. How bottled water is purified.
23. The incredible power of the mind.
24. A cheetah’s hunting skills.
25. The best butterfly collecting methods.
26. The intelligence of dolphins.
27. The need to preserve forests.
28. The important 18th century Swiss chemists.
29. The history of genetically mutated animals.
30. The latest astronomical technology.
31. How light emitting diode lamps work.
32. The endangerment of tigers.
33. Why oxygen is so important.
34. Are humans still evolving?
35. The benefits of wind resistant technology.
36. Why bats hang upside down.
37. How the Earth was formed.
38. How galaxies are formed.
39. The best types of houseplants.
40. How chocolate is made.
41. How the the Great Lakes formed.
42. How DNA evidence is used.
43. Your body language reveals your deepest secrets.
44. How earthquakes can be predicted.
45. Why polar bears are going extinct.

Self-Help

1. The difference between boundaries and limits.
2. The benefits of affirmation.
3. Three goals to strive for in life.
4. How to present yourself with confidence.
5. Why it’s important to be yourself.
6. How to manage your anger.
7. How to make a good first impression.
8. How to prepare for a job interview.
9. Your actions determine your future.
10. How to improve your conversation skills.
11. How to set goals and achieve them.
12. How to enhance your public speaking skills.
13. How to increase your motivation.
14. What makes a life meaningful?
15. How to take your next big step in life.
16. How to construct an argument.
17. How to boost your self-esteem.
18. How to be happy being single.
19. How to avoid procrastination.
20. How to improve your manners.
21. How to be a good leader.
22. The importance of a good attitude.
23. How to be more romantic.
24. How to break bad habits.
25. How to overcome conflict.

Society

1. Why it is bad to judge people by their appearance.
2. The lives of isolated indigenous people.
3. How to tell someone they are annoying you without being rude.
4. How human behavior affects society.
5. Left handed people: the underrepresented minority group.
6. Is the military a fulfilling career choice for women?
7. The effects of discrimination.
8. The importance of newspapers in our daily life.
9. Do actors and athletes make too much money?
10. Why I’m optimistic about our nation’s future.
11. Why are dogs known as man’s best friend?
12. Is happiness a good measure of social progress?
13. The day to day duties of a police officer.
14. The benefits of teamwork.
15. Some inexpensive places to take your date.
16. The benefits of male paternity leave.
17. The importance of providing shelter to homeless veterans.
18. Aggression is a real presence in society.
19. What rights consumers have.
20. What is the correct tipping etiquette?
21. The different types of personalities.
22. How fashion ruins the kids of today.
23. Wealth is not measured with money.
24. The negative aspects of living in an era of apathy.
25. Silence against violence is harmful.
26. Feminism and it’s misconceptions.
27. The reasons shops should be closed on Sunday.
28. Is being good looking important?
29. How to make the U.S. a better country.
30. How LGBT youth are protected.
31. The state of the rich and the poor.
32. The history of hello kitty.
33. The most interesting world records.
34. The invention of pop rocks.
35. What life will be like in the future.
36. How to cope with natural disasters.

Sport

1. Should female students be allowed to play on male sports teams?
2. How to do a walking handstand or a cartwheel into the splits.
3. Is netball or hockey more dangerous?
4. The benefits of sports for all ages.
5. Why the spelling bee shouldn’t be on ESPN.
6. The worst professional sports teams.
7. The importance of sports and games.
8. What you should have in your golf bag.
9. The history of professional fighting.
10. The worst trades in sports history.
11. How to build a pinewood derby car.
12. The best sports players of all time.
13. The best professional baseball stadiums.
14. The sport of “cheese rolling”.
15. Some common ice hockey injuries.
16. The history of the Chicago Bulls.
17. The excitement of competitive horseback riding.
18. The origins of soccer.
19. How baseball bats are made.
20. How to make fishing lures.
21. Why sports are so popular.
22. The history of field hockey.
23. What winners do to win.
24. How Larry Bird became a NBA legend.
25. The sport of curling.
26. The world’s most famous golf courses.
27. How to make a turkey call.
28. How Canadian football is played.

Supernatural

1. The mystery of the Bermuda triangle.
2. The evidence that bigfoot exists.
3. The existence of telepathy.

Technology

1. How roads are built.
2. Is wind energy cheap, effective, and practical?
3. Why college students should be careful about what they put on social media.
4. The uses for artificial intelligence computer networks.
5. The danger of putting too much personal information on social networks.
6. Modes of communication are constantly changing.
7. How has social media impacted our daily lives?
8. The line between the human brain and a computer.
9. Why technology is a bad thing for growing minds.
10. How technology has destroyed human interaction.
11. How is text messaging affecting teen literacy?
12. The advantages and disadvantages of social media.
13. The effects of violent video games on children.
14. The decline of interpersonal communication due to technology.
15. The difference between hardware and software.
16. The history of programming languages.
17. What would we do without electricity?
18. The benefits of 3D printing.
19. The major technological changes since 1990.
20. The negative effects of cellphones.
21. How to avoid computer viruses.
22. The evolution of the internet.
23. Computers through the decades.
24. How airport biometrics systems work.
25. Robots now and in the future.
26. How satellites help communication.
27. How a water plant operates.
28. How watches work.
29. The evolution of video games.
30. How cellular phones work.
31. The evolution of the iPhone.
32. How to build a computer.
33. How nuclear power works.
34. How search engines work.
35. How air pressure works.
36. The best new technologies.
37. The future of electric cars.
38. How to practice cyber safety.
39. A guide to different social media sites.

Travel

1. How students can find great vacation bargains.
2. The best cruise vacations.

Workplace

1. The benefits of break time for nursing mothers in the workplace.
2. The prevalence of dangerous chemicals in the workplace.
3. How to survive working in a restaurant.
4. Why underwater welding is dangerous.
5. How it is to work in the fast food industry.
6. How to get a great internship.
7. How to become a comedian.
8. The most dangerous jobs.
9. What are the fastest growing careers?

 

ⒸCOPYRIGHTS-DANIYAL YOUNIS 2017

 

 

 

MCS-1

Behrouz A Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking - 4th ed (Chapter 1)

1.8 PRACTICE SET

Review Questions

1. For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a mesh, ring, bus, and star topology?
Ans: n(n-1)/2 cable link are required for mesh, n for ring, n-1 cable link for bus, and n cable link for star topology.
2. What is the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex transmission modes?
Ans: In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.When one device  is sending, the other can only receive,and vice versa. Like walkie-talkies.
In full-duplex mode, both station can transmit and receive simultaneously. Like telephone network.
3. What are some of the factors that determine whether a communication system is a LAN or WAN?
Ans: Size and Coverage of area determine whether a communication system is LAN or WAN. A LAN normally covers an area less than 2 mile, a WAN can be worldwide.
4. Identify the five components of a data communications system?
Ans: A data communications system has five components-(i) Message, (ii) Sender, (iii) Receiver, (iv)Transmission medium, (v) Protocol.
5. What are the advantages of a multipoint connection over point-to-point connection?
Ans: In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporally. If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection. If users must take turns, it is a timeshared connection.
6. Why are standard needed?
Ans: Standard are essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing national and international interoperability  of data and telecommunications technology and processes. Standard provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace and in international communications.
7. What are the advantages of distributed processing?
Ans: Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task is divided among multiple computers. Instead of one single large machine being responsible for all aspects of a process,separate computers (usually a personal computer or workstation) handle a subset.
8. Name the four basic network topologies, and cite advantage of each type.
Ans:

Bus Topology: Easy installation, less cabling, easy expandation etc.

Ring Topology: Less effort in adding or removing devices, simple fault isolation.
Star Topology: Less expensive than mesh, robustness etc.
Mesh Topology: Robustness, present of privacy and security.
9. What is an internet? What is the Internet?
Ans: When two or more networks are connected, they become an internetwork, or internet.
The most notable internet is called the Internet, a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks. Private individuals as well as various organizations such as government agencies, schools, research facilities, corporation, and libraries in more than 100 countries use the internet.
10. What are the two types of line configuration?
Ans: Point to point and Multipoint.
11. What are the three criteria  necessary  for an effective  and efficient  network?
Ans: Performance, Reliability, Security.
12. Why are protocols needed?
Ans: In computer networks, communication occurs between entities in different systems. An entity is anything capable of sending or receiving information. However, two entities can not simply send bit streams to each other and expect to be understood. For communication to occur, the entities  must agree on a protocol.
13. Categorize the four basic topologies in terms of line configuration.
Ans:
Point to point- mesh and star.
Multi point- bus and ring.



Exercises 

14. What is the maximum number of characters or symbols that can be represented by Unicode?
Ans: The code can define up to 2^(32) (4,294,967,296) characters or symbols. 
15. A color image uses 16 bits to represent a pixel. What is the maximum number of different colors that can be represented?
Ans: The number of different colors you can represent with 16 bits is 2¹⁶, or about 65k colors.
16. Assume six devices are arranged in a mesh topology. How many cables are needed? How many ports are needed for each device?
Ans: Cables needed (6*5)/2 = 15 and,
Each device needs to be connected to 5 other devices. So, each device needs to have 5 ports. Six devices times five ports equals 30 total ports.
17. For each of the following four networks, discuss the consequences if a connection fails. 

      a. Five devices arranged in a mesh topology,

Ans: Mesh is high redundancy. Only one device would be disconnected if all the connections were to fail for that device. You can have many connections to other devices thats why its less likely to fail. The only cause for failure at this point is really the power and if you just don't have any. Even if one of the connections between two devices fail there is no effect on network and they can still communicate through other channels.
      b. Five devices arranged in a star topology (not counting the hub),

Ans: Star runs to a central device like a switch, so if the switch itself fails then the whole network will be disconnected.
      c. Five devices arranged in a bus topology,

Ans: Bus runs in a straight line from one network device to another. So if one gets disconnect then the all the devices connected down the line get disconnect.
      d. Five devices arranged in a ring topology.

Ans. Ring is like a bus except it connects back onto itself. So if one device fails they all fail. The exception is if there is a redundant inside ring like that used in FDDI (fiber ring) then if both get disconnect from one device then they all do.

18. You have two computers connected by an Ethernet hub at home. Is this a LAN, a MAN, or a WAN? Explain your reason.
Ans: This is a LAN (Local Area Network). A WAN is a Wide Area Network that typically connects machines that are geographically remote. A Man is a Metropolitan Area Network - that connects together all machines  in an enterprise, campus or town.
19. In the ring topology in Figure 1.8, what happens if one of the stations is unplugged?
Ans: The network would stop functioning because the token has to pass through each station in the ring.
20. In the bus topology in Figure 1.7, what happens if one of the stations is unplugged?
Ans: From that station rest all will stop functioning.
21. Draw a hybrid topology with a star backbone and three ring networks.
Ans: topology-with-a-Star-backbone-connecting-three-ring-networks.gif
22. Draw a hybrid topology with a ring backbone and two bus networks.
Ans: ring-backbone-with-two-bus-network.jpg
23. Performance is inversely related to delay. When you use the Internet, which of the following applications are more sensitive to delay? 
       a. Sending an e-mail 
       b. Copying a file 
       c. Surfing the Internet
Ans: It is true that performance is inversely proportional to delay.
Sending an email is more sensitive to delay than copying a file and surfing the internet.Because  E-mailing may be interrupted due to high latency, but can always assume as soon as the server is performing again, without user interaction.
Copying a file is less sensitive to delay than surfing the web and sending an e-mail.

Surfing the web is not so much affected by delay because due to effect of latency on surfing the net. 
24. When a party makes a local telephone call to another party, is this a point-to-point or multipoint connection? Explain your answer.
Ans: It is Point-to-Point connection because multipoint connection needs more than two end points.
25. Compare the telephone network and the Internet. What are the similarities? What are the differences?
Ans: Both are the ways of Communications, Both can be make by wires/wireless. Both are capable to two way traffic of signals.Internet allows us to share our files with our Friends while telephone don't. Video chat is being used by people who has the access to internet, but it isn't possible through telephone. 

 

Posted 4th December 2016 by Daniyalyounis

 NOTIFICATION: FIRST CONVOCATION OF UOH IS SCHEDULED TO BE HELD ON FIRST WEEK OF MARCH, 2016

to downlaod the form please click the link below.

http://www.uoh.edu.pk/convocation-registration

Scenario

“Data Savers Inc.” is a newly established company which provides the services of data storage to its clients. This company is currently limited to one data warehouse, but now this company wants to extend its data warehouses countrywide. At first step, the future planning is to establish data warehouses at different locations of Lahore and also one data warehouse in Islamabad. These data warehouses should also be connected with each other with secured connections. You are required to discuss precisely on the following points:

i.Which type of network should be implemented by this company using public infrastructure to connect data warehouses of Lahore with Islamabad if they have low budget?

Answer:
This company must implemented VPN type of the network. A VPN type of network has also low expenses for establishing network without any private channel. Because a private company wants to establish public infrastructure to connect data from one city to another city, therefore there is only suitable VPN network of type. Because company wants establish network of type with low budget, therefore it is suitable VPN network of type with low prize, secured and without interference of third party threats.

ii.If they do not have any budget limitation then which type of communication medium will be more suitable to connect nearby data warehouses of Lahore only and why?
Please read the scenario carefully before writing your comments on the said topics.

Answer:
If the company has no budget limitations and want to more suitable medium to connect the nearby houses in Lahore only, then company should use Wide Area Network. Because Wide Area network computer are connected for nearby houses therefore it's securely communication medium suitable for the company.by 
daniyalyounis

CASE The Stanze textiles company

CASE

The Stanza Textiles company has printing, spinning, weaving and dyeing units under their own setup.
Further, it has a team of highly professional management and technical staff with standardized working
system. They are in a continuous process of expansion, enhancement and incorporating the latest
technological innovations in order to ensure their customers the best possible quality in home apparels.
The company is proud of its driving force by dynamic, well qualified and highly skilled management
who has extensive knowledge in all aspects of textile exports. As the company has its own production
units of Weaving, Dyeing, Printing & Spinning that made them enable to produce multiple orders with
agility and good quality products according to customer requirements. Utmost attention is given to
maintain quality standards across all stages of production. This is all possible due to its state of the art
production facility.
Question # 01:
Keeping in view the above case, you are required to identify the type of departmentalization that Stanza
Textiles company is following and also draw the structure of departmentalization of the given company.
(2+5)
Question # 02:
In your point of view, what advantages Stanza Textiles company is having by following the type of
departmentalization in above case? (At least three points)

 

Answers

Q1: Answer:'' printing, spinning, weaving and dyeing units = Departmentalization "

explanation:

The Stanza Textile Company has printing, spinning, weaving, and dying units under their own setup. Departmentalization is very important in organizations. It involves diving an organization into different departments. Since Stanza is a textile company and in textile companies the “departmentalization process” is the main department, which involves spinning, weaving, dying, and printing. We can say Stanza textile is a manufacturing company and also any manufacturing company requires some functions to perform their tasks.
There are some departments, which performs such functions like marketing department, human resource department, accounting department, and production department. The structure of departmentalization of the given company is the main function of the textile company.
The customer departmentalization is used to control the customers of every type, foreign, domestic, wholesalers, and retailers. It also depend upon the worth of the company that whether it works with the foreign customer or not.
The time departmentalization is also a department work in an organization which works 24 hours a day for the purpose of the department to manage duties of the workers in the night and in the day hours.
These are the main departmentalisations in the textile company.

Question 1 part(B):

Structure diagram or above,:

 photo attached

 

 

 

Answer for Question 2:
There are some advantageous of the departmentalization:
1- It offers better customer service and the customers get quick and efficient service due to the customer departmentalization in the Stanza textile company.
2- It divides the work into different units on the basis of responsibility and nature. It also helps top managers in their work.
3- Stanza Textile Company easily grows and expands due to departmentalization without the departmentalization company cannot effectively perform all operations.
by:

daniyal younis